Interactive effects of metal contamination and pathogenic organisms on the introduced marine bivalve Ruditapes philippinarum in European populations
In natural environment, marine organisms are concomitantly exposed to pollutants and multiple disease agents resulting in detrimental interactions. The present study evaluated interactive effects of metal contamination (cadmium) and pathogenic organisms (trematode parasites Himasthla elongata and pathogenic bacteria Vibrio tapetis) singularly and in combination on the bivalve Ruditapes philippinarum, an introduced species to Europe, under laboratory controlled conditions. After 7 days, metal bioaccumulation and pathogen load were analyzed as well as metallothionein (MT) response and hemocyte concentrations and activities. Results showed that infection by opportunistic pathogens affects metal accumulation, leading to maximal Cd accumulation in co-infected clams. Among stressors only V. tapetis induced significant effects on immune parameters whereas a particular interaction "trematode-bacteria" was shown on MT responses. Despite low trematode infection in agreement with the resistant status of R. philippinarum to these macroparasites, significant interaction with bacteria and metal occurred. Such results highlight the necessity of taking pathogens into account in ecotoxicological studies.
(Environmental Pollution. vol. 158, n° 0269-7491, pp. 3401-3410, 01/11/2010)
EPOC, EPHE, PSL, UB, INSU - CNRS, CNRS
A splitting approach for the fully nonlinear and weakly dispersive Green-Naghdi model
The fully nonlinear and weakly dispersive Green-Naghdi model for shallow water waves of large amplitude is studied. The original model is first recast under a new formulation more suitable for numerical resolution. An hybrid finite volume and finite difference splitting approach is then proposed. The hyperbolic part of the equations is handled with a high-order finite volume scheme allowing for breaking waves and dry areas. The dispersive part is treated with a classical finite difference approach. Extensive numerical validations are then performed in one horizontal dimension, relying both on analytical solutions and experimental data. The results show that our approach gives a good account of all the processes of wave transformation in coastal areas: shoaling, wave breaking and run-up.
(Journal of Computational Physics. vol. 230, n° 0021-9991, pp. 1479-1498, 01/11/2010)
EPOC, EPHE, PSL, UB, INSU - CNRS, CNRS, IMT, UT Capitole, Comue de Toulouse, INSA Toulouse, INSA, Comue de Toulouse, UT2J, Comue de Toulouse, UT3, Comue de Toulouse, CNRS, DMA, ENS-PSL, PSL, CNRS, I3M, UM2, UM, CNRS
Couplage de radioisotope à courte période et d'un modèle d'érosion pour établir le budget sédimentaire du barrage de Xoldokogaina (Pyrénées Françaises)
(25/10/2010)
EPOC, EPHE, PSL, UB, INSU - CNRS, CNRS, EGID, EDYTEM, USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry], CNRS, Fédération OSUG
Impact des sédiments cohésifs sur l'écosystème
Mon activité de recherche concerne la dynamique des sédiments cohésifs, appliquée aux écosystèmes côtiers et continentaux. Du fait de son impact sur le transit des polluants et la dégradation des sols, cette activité figure au coeur des missions de l'Institut de Recherche pour le Développement auquel j'appartiens. La dégradation de la quantité et de la qualité des sols constitue un enjeu de Société, notamment en terme de sécurité alimentaire. Les principaux résultats de recherche obtenus concernent : 1. les processus physiques de dépôt des sédiments cohésifs dans les systèmes aquatiques naturels (laboratoire et estuaire de la Gironde) 2. la vulnérabilité de l'écosystème côtier aux modifications géomorphologiques (Guyane) 3. la dégradation des écosystèmes continentaux semi-arides par érosion des sols (France et Mexique) 1. Le premier thème de recherche a essentiellement été abordé sous un angle expérimental et analytique en étroite collaboration avec M. Mory, H. Michallet (Laboratoire des Ecoulements Géophysiques et Industriels, Grenoble) et A.Manning (Marine Institute of the University of Plymouth, UK) dans le cadre du projet européen COSINUS. Les avancées principales attraient à la floculation des sédiments fins et la dynamique des fluides stratifiés particulaires en milieux naturels (rivière, lac, estuaire, côte). Le flux massique de dépôt des sédiments croît fortement avec la concentration en matière solide C dans la gamme [0-1] g.l-1. La diminution de la distance inter-floc (d/Df ~O(10)) entraîne une augmentation du nombre de chocs et favorise la floculation. Pour des concentrations plus élevées (1-5 g.l-1), nous avons pu montrer expérimentalement que l'augmentation drastique du nombre de collisions ne modifiait pas le caractère constructif (floculation) des collisions et cela, même dans des conditions de turbulence significatives (Gratiot and Manning, 2004 ; 2007a ; 2007b). Pour des concentrations dans la gamme C=[5-100] g.l-1, le comportement des sédiments cohésifs nécessite une approche multidisciplinaire alliant la physique des flocs, la mécanique des fluides et la rhéologie. Du fait des difficultés d'instrumentation inhérentes aux crèmes de vase (très forte concentration, mesures très près du fond), nos contributions les plus significatives sur le dépôt des sédiments cohésifs ont été obtenues en laboratoire (Gratiot et al., 2005) puis ont été appliquées sur l'estuaire de la Gironde dans le cadre d'une collaboration avec l'UMR Environnements et Paléoenvironnements OCéaniques (EPOC, Bordeaux) et le Laboratoire des Ecoulements Géophysiques et Industriels (LEGI, Grenoble) (Sottolichio et al., submitted). Nous avons pu montrer que l'évolution du flux de chute des sédiments ws C ) varie de plusieurs ordres selon la nature des sédiments (cohésifs ou non cohésifs), le régime de l'écoulement (laminaire ou turbulent) et la concentration. 2. A plus grande échelle, nous nous sommes intéressés à la dynamique de l'écosystème côtier du plateau des Guyanes (Amérique du Sud). Ce travail s'est fait en interaction avec différents acteurs de la recherche (acteurs du Programme National d'Environnement Côtier : chantier Guyane), de l'Observation de la Terre depuis l'espace (CNES-CSG) et de la protection de la Nature (WWF, association Kwata). Le développement de méthodes de suivi de l'écosystème et le couplage des approches de laboratoire et de terrain ont conduit à des avancées quant à la migration des bancs de vase (Baghdadi et al., 2004 ; Gardel and Gratiot, 2005, 2006 ; Gratiot et al., 2007 ; Anthony et al., 2008 ;Gratiot et al., 2008), la colonisation de la frange côtière par la mangrove (Fiot and Gratiot 2006 ; Proisy et al. 2009) ou encore la vulnérabilité de l'écosystème à la dynamique côtière (Lefebvre et al. 2004 ; Gratiot et al., 2006 ; Kelle et al., 2007, 2009). Le résultat le plus original précise le rôle du cycle nodal de marée (à 18.6 ans) sur la vulnérabilité côtière, avec des extrapolations possibles à l'échelle planétaire (Gratiot et al., 2008). 3. Depuis mon intégration au sein de l'équipe RIVER du Laboratoire des Transferts en Hydrologie et Environnement (jan. 2005), j'aborde la dynamique sédimentaire en milieu continental semi-aride. Deux sites pilotes (BV de la Bléone, France ; BV de Cointzio, Mexique) ont été retenus et sont soutenus au plan national (projet ANR STREAMS, 2007-2009) et international (projet Européen DESIRE, convention IRD-Univ. National. Auton. de Mexico, 2007-2011). Le suivi en continu du réservoir de Cointzio a révélé un fonctionnement hydro-sédimentaire particulièrement contraignant, tant pour l'écosystème que pour les gestionnaires. Situé dans un environnement de pluie tropicale de montagne, les caractéristiques morphométriques du réservoir (profond et de faible volume) amplifient les variabilités locales. L'écosystème lacustre s'adapte donc à des conditions environnementales très contrastées au cours de l'année (Susperregui et al., 2009 ; Némery et al., 2009). L'évolution pluri-décennale du cycle de l'eau sur le bassin versant de Cointzio a, quant à elle, révélé une augmentation significative de la contribution des eaux de ruissellement vis-à-vis des eaux de nappes (Gratiot et al., 2010). Cette évolution est une conséquence directe et préoccupante des changements anthropiques engagés depuis les années 1970. Les travaux en cours visent à caractériser les temps de résidence des sédiments, les flux sédimentaires et biogéochimiques associés, en couplant approches hydro-sédimentaire et de traçage (par éléments majeurs, par spectrométrie et par datation isotopique) (Duvert et al., 2009 ; Evrard et al., in prep.). Par la suite, l'inter comparaison des bassins versants de la Bléone (France) et de Cointzio (Mexique) devrait permettre des avancées significatives quant à l'optimisation des protocoles d'échantillonnage (Borga et al., 2008 ; Némery et al., 2010) et la définition des invariants qui gouvernent la dynamique sédimentaire des bassins versants de meso-échelle.
(18/10/2010)
LTHE, OSUG, UJF, Grenoble INP, INSU - CNRS, IRSTEA, USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry], CNRS, IRD, INSU - CNRS, INPG, CNRS
Sedimentary Architecture in Meanders of a Submarine Channel: Detailed Study of the Present Congo Turbidite Channel (Zaiango Project)
Sinuous deep-water channels are recognized in most large deep-sea fans in the world. They present a particular interest to oil companies, since they are significant hydrocarbon reservoirs in deep offshore environments. The understanding of their geometries and their internal sedimentary architecture is necessary to better characterize reservoir heterogeneity of sinuous submarine channels. Therefore, numerous studies have been undertaken recently to better understand the behavior and sedimentary architecture of deep-water channels. The aim of this paper is to present our results concerning the development of the meandering channel of the present Congo turbidite system (or Zaire turbidite system). The study is based on high-resolution data including multibeam bathymetry, seismic lines, echosounder profiles, high-resolution side-scan sonar images, and gravity cores, collected by IFREMER along the submarine Congo channel between 1994 and 2000, during Guiness and ZaiAngo surveys. The present Congo turbidite channel is a long incised turbidite channel. It is presently active. It has been built gradually by progradation of the distal depositional area. The most distal part of the channel is the youngest part and shows an immature morphology: the channel presents a low incision and a low sinuosity. In contrast, the upper part of the channel has undergone a long evolutionary history. Its pathway is mature and complex, with numerous abandoned meanders visible in the morphology. This paper presents evidence of progressive channel migration and meander development of the Congo channel. It describes and explains the presence of terraces inside the channel. The detailed characterization of channel morphology and migration geometry shows that the evolution of the channel path is very similar to fluvial meandering systems with (1) lateral meander extension or growing, (2) downstream translation of the thalweg, and (3) meander cutoff. Seismic and 3.5 kHz echosounder profiles show that the terraces, which are visible in the seafloor morphology, are not the imprints of incisional processes. Terraces are true depositional units infilling the channel. They are built during and after the lateral migration of the channel. They are composed of (1) point-bar deposits and (2) inner-levee deposits aggrading above the point bar deposits. Point-bar deposits are characterized by low-angle oblique reflectors forming deposits with a sigmoidal shape. They seem very similar to those observed in fluvial systems. The similarity between fluvial and turbidite point bars suggests that the basal part of the turbidity currents flowing in this channel can be considered as very similar to river flow. With the high-resolution dataset collected in a present Congo turbidite channel, we provide a new description of the channel morphology and evolution, at a "reservoir" scale, intermediate between outcrop observations and 2D and 3D seismic data. The detailed interpretation of intrachannel sedimentation, associated with lateral channel migration, also provides new data for interpretation of flow dynamics in submarine meandering channels.
(Journal of Sedimentary Research. vol. 80, n° 1527-1404, pp. 852-866, 15/10/2010)
LDO, INSU - CNRS, UBO EPE, CNRS, GM, IFREMER, EPOC, EPHE, PSL, UB, INSU - CNRS, CNRS, CSTJF, [Total Energies. Anciennement : Total, TotalFina, TotalFinaElf]
On the coupling of wave and three-dimensional circulation models : Choice of theoretical framework, practical implementation and adiabatic tests
Many theoretical approaches and implementations have been proposed for the coupling of the three-dimensional ocean circulation with waves. The theoretical models are reviewed and it is shown that the formulation in terms of the quasi-Eulerian velocity circumvents the essential difficulty of alternative formulations for the Lagrangian mean velocity. Namely, models based on this Lagrangian velocity require an estimation of wave-induced motions to first order in the horizontal gradients of the wave field in order to estimate the vertical flux of wave pseudo-momentum. So far, only three-dimensional wave models have been able to provide these estimates, and all published theories based on the simpler Airy theory are not consistent at the leading order, because they ignore or incorrectly estimate the vertical momentum flux. With an adiabatic example on a sloping bottom it is shown that this inconsistency produces very large spurious velocities. These errors are independent of the slope for the inviscid case, and are still significant when a realistic vertical mixing is applied. A quick diagnostic of the potential accuracy of a theoretical model is the vertical profile of the wave-induced forcing terms: if it is not uniform over depth in adiabatic conditions then it will produce spurious artificial flow patterns in conditions with shoaling waves. Although conceptually more challenging, the quasi-Eulerian velocity theories only introduce minor modifications of the solution procedure for the standard primitive equations: a modification of the surface boundary condition for the mass conservation, the addition of the Stokes drift in the tracer advection equations, and sources of momentum and turbulent kinetic energy with associated surface and bottom fluxes. All the necessary modifications of primitive equation models are given in detail. This implementation is illustrated with the MARS3D model, which passes the test of the adiabatic shoaling waves.
(04/10/2010)
EPOC, EPHE, PSL, UB, INSU - CNRS, CNRS, LOS, IFREMER, DYNECO, IFREMER
Millennial-scale variability during the last glacial in vegetation records from North America
High-resolution pollen records from North America show that terrestrial environments were affected by Dansgaard-Oeschger (D-O) and Heinrich climate variability during the last glacial. In the western, more mountainous regions, these climate changes are generally observed in the pollen records as altitudinal movements of climate-sensitive plant species, whereas in the southeast, they are recorded as latitudinal shifts in vegetation. Heinrich (HS) and Greenland (GS) stadials are generally correlated with cold and dry climate and Greenland interstadials (GI) with warm-wet phases. The pollen records from North America confirm that vegetation responds rapidly to millennial-scale climate variability, although the difficulties in establishing independent age models for the pollen records make determination of the absolute phasing of the records to surface temperatures in Greenland somewhat uncertain.
(Quaternary Science Reviews. vol. 29, n° 0277-3791, pp. 2865-2881, 01/10/2010)
UGR, LSCE, UVSQ, INSU - CNRS, CNRS, DRF (CEA), CEA, SMU, EPOC, EPHE, PSL, UB, INSU - CNRS, CNRS, MSU, USGS
Pelagic food web patterns: do they modulate virus and nanoflagellate effects on picoplankton during the phytoplankton spring bloom?
As agents of mortality, viruses and nanoflagellates impact on picoplankton populations. We examined the differences in interactions between these compartments in two French Atlantic bays. Microbes, considered here as central actors of the planktonic food web, were first monitored seasonally in Arcachon (2005) and Marennes-Oléron (2006) bays. Their dynamics were evaluated to categorize trophic periods using the models of Legendre and Rassoulzadegan (1995) as a reference framework. Microbial interactions were then compared through 48h-batch-culture experiments performed during the phytoplankton spring bloom, identified as herbivorous in Marennes and multivorous in Arcachon. Marennes was spatially homogeneous compared to Arcachon. The former was potentially more productive, featuring a large number of heterotrophic pathways, while autotrophic mechanisms dominated in Arcachon. A link was found between viruses and phytoplankton in Marennes, suggesting a role of virus in the regulation of autotroph biomass. Moreover, the virus-bacteria relation was weaker in Marennes, with a bacterial lysis potential of 2.6% compared with 39% in Arcachon. The batch experiments (based on size- fractionation and viral enrichment) revealed different microbial interactions that corresponded to the spring-bloom trophic interactions in each bay. In Arcachon, where there is a multivorous web, flagellate predation and viral lysis acted in an opposite way on picophytoplankton. When together they both reduced viral production. Conversely, in Marennes (herbivorous web), flagellates and viruses together increased viral production. Differences in the composition of the bacterial community composition explained the combined flagellate-virus effects on viral production in the two bays.
(Environmental Microbiology. vol. 12, n° 1462-2912, pp. 2755-2772, 01/10/2010)
LIENSs, INSU - CNRS, ULR, CNRS, EPOC, EPHE, PSL, UB, INSU - CNRS, CNRS, LOMIC, OOB, UPMC, CNRS, UPMC, CNRS, LRHLR, HGS, IFREMER, LOG, INSU - CNRS, ULCO, CNRS, IRD [Ile-de-France], ULCO
Geochemical, multi-isotopic and hydrogeological characterization of mineralized groundwaters, Entre-deux-Mers area, Gironde (SW France).
Groundwater quality sustainability In the south-west of France, the Eocene aquifer is one of the main resources for irrigation, thermo-mineral water, and mainly for drinking water in the Bordeaux region. This aquifer is characterized by the presence of a large mineralized area, centered on the Entre-deux-Mers region, between the Garonne and the Dordogne rivers, where the groundwaters show strong mineralization and anomalous levels of critical elements, such as sulphates and fluoride, leading to difficulties of resource exploitation for drinking water supply. Ongoing analyses of major elements confirm the salinity variation in the system and the multi-isotopes results will be presented at the conference, in order to decipher the origin of this salinity.
(12/09/2010)
BRGM, EGID, EPOC, EPHE, PSL, UB, INSU - CNRS, CNRS
The particulate 7Be/210Pbxs and 234Th/210Pbxs activity ratios as tracers for tidal-to-seasonal particle dynamics in the Gironde estuary (France): Implications for the budget of particle-associated contaminants
The short-lived natural radionuclides 7Be (T1/2=53days), 234Thxs (T1/2=24.1days) and 210Pbxs (T1/2=22.3years), i.e. 234Th and 210Pb in excesses of that supported within particles by the decay of their parent isotopes, were analysed in suspended particulate matter (SPM) to study the particle dynamics in the Gironde fluvial estuarine system (France), strongly impacted by heavy metal pollution. From surveys of this land-ocean interface in 2006 and 2007, we established a times series of these radioisotopes and of their activity ratios (7Be/210Pbxs and 234Th/210Pbxs ARs) in particles sampled under different hydrological conditions.The particulate 7Be/210Pbxs AR varies along the fluvial estuarine system mainly due to variations in 7Be activities, controlled by riverine, oceanic and atmospheric inputs and by resuspension of old 7Be-deficient sediments. These processes vary with river discharge, tidal cycle and season. Therefore, seasonal particle transport processes can be described using variations of the SPM 7Be/210Pbxs ARs.During high river discharge, the SPM 7Be/210Pbx ARs decrease from river to the ocean. The turbidity maximum zone (TMZ) is dispersed and the particles, and the associated contaminants, are rapidly transported from river to coastal waters, without significant retention within the TMZ. During low river discharge, the TMZ intrudes into the fluvial estuary, and the lowest 7Be/210Pbx ARs are observed there due to resuspension of 7Be-deficient sediments. Away from the TMZ, from the middle to lower estuary, SPM 7Be/210Pbx ARs increase, indicating that the particles have been recently tagged with 7Be. We explain this trend as being caused by marine input of dissolved radionuclides, as traced by SPM 234Th/210Pbxs ARs, followed by scavenging in the estuary. This result indicates that particle transport models based on 7Be and trace-metal budgets must consider oceanic dissolved inputs as an additional source of 7Be and, possibly, of contaminants to estuaries. © 2010 Elsevier B.V.
(Science of the Total Environment. vol. 408, n° 0048-9697, pp. 4784-4794, 01/09/2010)
EPOC, EPHE, PSL, UB, INSU - CNRS, CNRS, IRSN, SBU, SUNY