LGM hosing approach to Heinrich Event 1: results and perspectives from data–model integration using water isotopes
(Quaternary Science Reviews. vol. 106, n° 0277-3791, pp. 247-261, 01/12/2014)
VU, LSCE, UVSQ, INSU - CNRS, CNRS, DRF (CEA), CEA, CLIM, LSCE, UVSQ, INSU - CNRS, CNRS, DRF (CEA), CEA, EPOC, EPHE, PSL, UB, INSU - CNRS, CNRS, PALEOCEAN, LSCE, UVSQ, INSU - CNRS, CNRS, DRF (CEA), CEA
The marine flooding hazard along the western coast of Cherbourg Peninsula (Manche, France): a dynamic approach using both numerical modeling with LIDAR data
The sea level rise due to climate change and the recent extreme storms increased the consciousness of coastal hazards and disasters in many areas in the world. The SURCOTE project, which is a part of the LITEAU program, aims at studying the flood hazard along the western coastline of the Cotentin Peninsula. Topographic LIDAR (LIght Detection And Ranging) surveys provided static flood-inundation hazard maps. Nevertheless, this approach tends to overestimate the extension of the submerged area without taking into account the flooding processes. To improve the assessment of the submerged surface, a dynamic study is conducted focusing on three areas. The hydrodynamic model TELEMAC is used. Several scenarios were tested from the current sea level conditions (MHWS level and centennial level) to the sea level in 2100 (centennial level plus 1 m). Moreover, failures of protective hydraulic structures (tidal gates, sea defence structures) and breaches in dunes were simulated. In this paper, a comparison is made between the static and the dynamic approach. The influence of the protective structures is evaluated. Finally, the sensitivity of the results to the calculation parameters is assessed.
(La Houille Blanche - Revue internationale de l'eau, n° 0018-6368, pp. 40-46, 01/12/2014)
LUSAC, UNICAEN, NU, M2C, UNICAEN, NU, INSU - CNRS, UNIROUEN, NU, CNRS, EPOC, EPHE, PSL, UB, INSU - CNRS, CNRS
Long-term disruption of growth, reproduction, and behavior after embryonic exposure of zebrafish to PAH-spiked sediment
A natural sediment spiked with three individual polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs; pyrene, phenanthrene and benzo[a]pyrene) was used to expose zebrafish embryos and larvae during 4 days. The total PAH concentration was 4.4 μg g−1 which is in the range found in sediment from contaminated areas. Quantification of metabolites in the larvae after exposure confirmed the actual contamination of the larvae and indicated an active metabolism specially for pyrene and benzo[a]pyrene. After a transfer in a clean medium, the larvae were reared to adulthood and valuated for survival, growth, reproduction, and behavior. Measured endpoints revealed a late disruption of growth (appearing at 5 months) and a trend toward a lower reproductive ability. Adults of embryos exposed to sediment spiked with PAHs displayed lethargic and/or anxiety-like behaviors. This latter behavior was also identified in offspring at larval stage. All together, these effects could have detrimental consequences on fish performances and contribution to recruitment.
(Environmental Science and Pollution Research. vol. 21, n° 0944-1344, pp. 13877-13887, 01/12/2014)
BE, IFREMER, EPOC, EPHE, PSL, UB, INSU - CNRS, CNRS, LRHLR, HGS, IFREMER, LPGP, INRA, Biosit : Biologie - Santé - Innovation Technologique
Transcriptional responses and embryotoxic effects induced by pyrene and methylpyrene in Japanese medaka (Oryzias latipes) early life stages exposed to spiked sediments
(Environmental Science and Pollution Research. vol. 21, n° 0944-1344, pp. 13850-13866, 01/12/2014)
SEBIO, INERIS, URCA, ULH, NU, URCA, CNRS, EPOC, EPHE, PSL, UB, INSU - CNRS, CNRS, LPTC, UB, CNRS, UB, UB
Chronic dietary exposure to pyrolytic and petrogenic mixtures of PAHs causes physiological disruption in zebrafish—part II: behavior
In the last 10 years, behavior assessment has been developed as an indicator of neurotoxicity and an integrated indicator of physiological disruption. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) release into the environment has increased in recent decades resulting in high concentrations of these compounds in the sediment of contaminated areas. We evaluated the behavioral consequences of long-term chronic exposure to PAHs, by exposing zebrafish to diets spiked with three PAH fractions at environmentally relevant concentrations. Fish were exposed to these chemicals from their first meal (5 days postfertilization) until they became reproducing adults (at 6 months old). The fractions used were representative of PAHs of pyrolytic (PY) origin and of two oils differing in composition (a heavy fuel oil (HO) and a light crude oil (LO)). Several tests were carried out to evaluate circadian spontaneous swimming activity, responses to a challenge (photomotor response), exploratory tendencies, and anxiety levels. We found that dietary PAH exposure was associated with greater mobility, lower levels of exploratory activity, and higher levels of anxiety, particularly in fish exposed to the HO fraction and, to a lesser extent, the LO fraction. Finally, our results indicate that PAH mixtures of different compositions, representative of situations encountered in the wild, can induce behavioral disruptions resulting in poorer fish performance.
(Environmental Science and Pollution Research. vol. 21, n° 0944-1344, pp. 13818-13832, 01/12/2014)
BE, IFREMER, EPOC, EPHE, PSL, UB, INSU - CNRS, CNRS, LRHLR, HGS, IFREMER, LPGP, INRA, Biosit : Biologie - Santé - Innovation Technologique
High frequency environmental changes and deposition processes in a 2 kyr-long sedimentological record from the Cap-Breton canyon (Bay of Biscay)
The core MD03-2693 (43°39.258′N; 01°39.805′W; 431 m water depth) was collected on an abandoned meander of the Capbreton Canyon (SE Bay of Biscay), filled over the last millennia by very high sedimentation rates (mean sedimentation rate of 1.2 cm/yr) linked to its specific environmental location and fine-grained clayed sediment decantation from the proximal canyon axis. This archive thus permits to undertake the study of late Holocene regional climatic patterns at a decadal temporal resolution. In the present work, we use data derived from planktonic foraminifera assemblages coupled to a multiproxy approach that associates grain-size measurements, x-ray fluorescence (XRF) elemental analysis and stable oxygen isotope on Globigerina bulloides shells to infer Sea Surface Temperature (SST) and Sea Surface Salinity (SSS) changes over the last two millennia. Signals reconstructed in the Bay of Biscay show significant oscillations that are consistent with well-known temperature anomalies such as the ‘Little Ice Age’ (LIA) and the ‘Medieval Warm Period’ (MWP). It additionally displays strong similarities with other areas in the western temperate and northern North Atlantic Ocean, suggesting a narrow coupling between its main gyre surface systems. Abrupt decrease of SSS together with significant change in terrigenous inputs suggests a change in precipitation regime at the onset of the LIA (around ad 1400). Moreover, superimposed to the relative long-term change in environmental parameter, the core MD03-2693 records rapid and discrete pulses of sand grain–sized material that are correlated with the local history of migration of the mouth of the Adour River.
(The Holocene. vol. 25, n° 0959-6836, pp. 348-365, 27/11/2014)
EPOC, EPHE, PSL, UB, INSU - CNRS, CNRS
Variabilité climatique centre/est Pacifique au cours du dernier millénaire reconstruite à partir d’analyses géochimiques sur des coraux massifs
L’océan Pacifique est le siège de variabilités climatiques interannuel et multi-décennale, El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO) et la Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO), dont les répercussions (via des téléconnections) peuvent être mondiales. Des impacts importants sur les populations, les activités socio-économiques et sur l’environnement ont été attribuées à ENSO. Il est alors primordial d’améliorer notre compréhension de la dynamique Pacifique et notamment du phénomène ENSO ainsique son évolution sous l’effet du changement climatique.Les mesures géochimiques (Sr/Ca et 818O) réalisées sur les coraux constituent des enregistrements paléoclimatiques de choix pour l’étude de l’évolution d’ENSO et sont essentielles pour mettre en perspective la dynamique actuelle du climat par rapport à sa dynamique passée. Après avoir évaluer la robustesse du paléothermomètre géochimique corallien (Sr/Ca), cette thèse a permis la reconstruction de température de surface océanique (SST) à partir de coraux de l’atoll de Clipperton (Pacifique tropical Est) et de l’archipel des Marquises (Pacifique tropical centre) couvrantplusieurs parties du dernier millénaire. Nos résultats suggèrent que la structure spatiale d’ENSO étaitplutôt stable au cours des deux derniers siècles, montrant majoritairement une structure de type ENSOcanonique (Est Pacifique) par opposition à l’ENSO Modoki (centre Pacifique). Bien qu’encore débattue, cette structure spatiale pourrait avoir évoluée très récemment, en liaison avec le changement climatique global (et cela pourrait continuer dans le futur). A l’échelle décennale, nos deux zones d’étude (centre et Est Pacifique) sont influencées par la PDO.Les résultats de cette thèse tendent également à suggérer que l’activité d’ENSO actuelle (sous l’effet du forçage anthropique) n’est pas atypique à l’échelle du dernier millénaire. En effet, son intensité et sa fréquence étaient plus fortes au début du petit âge glaciaire (LIA, 16ème siècle). La comparaison deces résultats avec un ensemble de simulations climatiques (PMIP3) montre que la variabilité ENSO estbien reproduite par ces modèles climatiques mais qu’ils échouent à reproduire correctement l’état moyen des températures du Pacifique.
(21/11/2014)
EPOC, EPHE, PSL, UB, INSU - CNRS, CNRS
Wandering Albatrosses Document Latitudinal Variations in the Transfer of Persistent Organic Pollutants and Mercury to Southern Ocean Predators
Top marine predators are effective tools to monitor bioaccumulative contaminants in remote oceanic environments. Here, we used the wide-ranging wandering albatross Diomedea exulans to investigate potential geographical variations of contaminant transfer to predators in the Southern Ocean. Blood concentrations of 19 persistent organic pollutants and 14 trace elements were measured in a large number of individuals (N = 180) of known age, sex and breeding status from the subantarctic Crozet Islands. Wandering albatrosses were exposed to a wide range of contaminants, with notably high blood mercury concentrations. Contaminant burden was markedly influenced by latitudinal foraging habitats (inferred from blood δ13C values), with individuals feeding in warmer subtropical waters having lower concentrations of pesticides, but higher concentrations of mercury, than those feeding in colder subantarctic waters. Sexual differences in contaminant burden seemed to be driven by gender specialization in feeding habitats, rather than physiological characteristics, with females foraging further north than males. Other individual traits, such as adult age and reproductive status, had little effect on blood contaminant concentrations. Our study provides further evidence of the critical role of global distillation on organic contaminant exposure to Southern Ocean avian predators. In addition, we document an unexpected high transfer of mercury to predators in subtropical waters, which merits further investigation.
(Environmental Science and Technology. vol. 48, n° 0013-936X, pp. 14746-14755, 21/11/2014)
LIENSs, INSU - CNRS, ULR, CNRS, CEBC, INRA, ULR, CNRS, EPOC, EPHE, PSL, UB, INSU - CNRS, CNRS, LPTC, UB, CNRS
Study of the aquatic dissolved organic matter from the Seine River catchment (France) by optical spectroscopy combined to asymmetrical flow field-flow fractionation
The main goal of this thesis was to investigate the characteristics of dissolvedorganic matter (DOM) within the Seine River catchment in the Northern part of France. ThisPhD thesis was performed within the framework of the PIREN-Seine research program. Theapplication of UV/visible absorbance and EEM fluorescence spectroscopy combined toPARAFAC and PCA analyses allowed us to identify different sources of DOM andhighlighted spatial and temporal variations of DOM properties. The Seine River wascharacterized by the strongest biological activity. DOM from the Oise basin seemed to havemore "humic" characteristics, while the Marne basin was characterized by a third specifictype of DOM. For samples collected during low-water periods, the distributions of the 7components determined by PARAFAC treatment varied between the studied sub-basins,highlighting different organic materials in each zone. A homogeneous distribution of thecomponents was obtained for the samples collected in period of flood.Then, a semi-quantitative asymmetrical flow field-flow fractionation (AF4) methodology wasdeveloped to fractionate DOM. The following optimized parameters were determined: across-flow rate of 2 ml min-1 during the focus step with a focusing time of 2 min and anexponential gradient of cross-flow from 3.5 to 0.2 ml min-1 during the elution step. Thefluorescence properties of various size-based fractions of DOM were evaluated by applyingthe optimized AF4 methodology to fractionate 13 samples, selected from the three sub-basins.The fluorescence properties of these fractions were analysed, allowing us to discriminatebetween the terrestrial or autochthonous origin of DOM.
(06/11/2014)
EPOC, EPHE, PSL, UB, INSU - CNRS, CNRS
Multimodel analysis on the response of the AMOC under an increase of radiative forcing and its symmetrical reversal
The response of the Atlantic meridional overturning circulation (AMOC) to an increase of radiative forcing (ramp-up) and a subsequent reversal of radiative forcing (ramp-down) is analyzed for four different global climate models. Due to changes in ocean temperature and hydrological cycle, all models show a weakening of the AMOC during the ramp-up phase. Once the external forcing is reversed, the results become model dependent. For IPSL-CM5A-LR, the AMOC continues its weakening trend for most of the ramp-down experiment. For HadGEM2-ES, the AMOC trend reverses once the external forcing also reverses, without recovering its initial value. For EC-EARTH and MPI-ESM-LR the recovery is anomalously strong yielding an AMOC overshoot. A robust linear dependency can be established between AMOC and density difference between North Atlantic (NA) deep water formation region and South Atlantic (SA). In particular, AMOC evolution is primarily controlled by a meridional salinity contrast between these regions. During the warming scenario, the subtropical Atlantic becomes saltier while the NA experiences a net freshening which favours an AMOC weakening. The different behaviour in the models during the ramp-down is dependent on the response of the ocean at the boundaries of NA and SA. The way in which the positive salinity anomaly stored in the subtropical Atlantic during the ramp-up is subsequently released elsewhere, characterizes the recovery. An out-of-phase response of the salinity transport at 48° N and 34°S boundaries is able to control the meridional density contrast between NA and SA during the transient experiments. Such a non-synchronized response is mainly controlled by changes in gyre salinity transport rather than by changes in overturning transport, thus suggesting a small role of the salt advection feedback in the evolution of the AMOC.
(Climate Dynamics. vol. 45, n° 0930-7575, pp. 1429-1450, 05/11/2014)
EPOC, EPHE, PSL, UB, INSU - CNRS, CNRS