Effects of seasonal dynamics in a Zostera noltiimeadow on phosphorus and iron cycles in a tidalmudflat (Arcachon Bay, France)
A study was conducted in Arcachon Bay, France, to determine the effect of seasonal dynamics in a Zostera noltii meadow on P and Fe cycles in the superficial sediments of a tidal mudflat. The redox-sensitive Fe particulate pool and associated P in the root zone showed a seasonal variation following the growth and decay of Z. noltii biomass, with a maximum content during the growth period. In comparison, the bare sediments did not show significant seasonal changes. A dissolved inorganic phosphorus (DIP) uptake was measured from the water column to the sediment in vegetated sediments, whereas a net DIP efflux was observed in the unvegetated sediments. During the growth period, the formation of an iron oxihydroxide-rich zone occurred and acted as a trap for dissolved phosphorus, constituting a reserve of available P for eelgrass growth. At the periphery of the rhizosphere, a strong reduction of the sediment occurred during the growth phase, probably due to increasing organic matter inputs via the roots. The iron oxihydroxide dissolution releases Fe(II) and the recently bound phosphorus to the pore water, making it available for assimilation by the eelgrass roots for growth metabolism. Fe(II) is re-oxidized to solid Fe(III) forms depleted in P into the root zone, or re-precipitated below as sulphur forms. The highest P uptake occurs by this process, and the seasonal variations in redox-sensitive P stock are sufficient to support the annual Z. noltii P requirement. During the decline period, as the P plant demand and the oxic layer thickness drop, the unused released DIP pool supplies large amounts of DIP to the pore water and water column.
(Marine Ecology Progress Series. vol. 355, n° 0171-8630, pp. 59-71, 23/02/2026)
EPOC, EPHE, PSL, UB, INSU - CNRS, CNRS, IPGP - UMR_7154, INSU - CNRS, IGN, UR, IPG Paris, CNRS, UPCité, LEMAR, IRD, IFREMER, UBO EPE, CNRS
Live and Dead Foraminiferal Faunas from Saint-Tropez Canyon (bay of Fréjus): Observations Based on in Situ and Incubated Cores
The impact of sedimentary processes on the live (rose-Bengal-stained) foraminiferal faunas and on the composition of dead assemblages was investigated at a 373-m-deep station in Saint-Tropez Canyon (Bay of Fréjus, France). For the >150-μm fraction, biocoenoses and thanatocoenoses were investigated in two 10-cm-long cores collected with a classical Barnett multi-corer. In the 63- to 150-μm size fraction, living faunas were investigated in the first centimeter of the sediment. The first core was fixed with ethanol and rose-Bengal at the time of the sampling (the in situ core) whereas the second core was stored in a culture room during a 2.5-year-long incubation before its fauna was investigated.Both cores present similar thanatocoenoses (>150-μm size fraction) that are substantially contaminated by neritic foraminifera presumably transported from adjacent shelves. The sedimentological analysis of a third core reveals neither graded sediments nor erosional surfaces. Abundant organic remains are detected downcore in the muddy silt sediment. All these observations preclude the idea of deposition by a recent turbidite. Therefore, our canyon environment seems to behave at present as a depocenter for a rather continuous flux of fine sediment and resuspended organic matter originating from shallower areas. The living in situ faunas in the 63- to 150-μm and >150-μm size fractions are quite diverse with a moderate evenness. In the >150-μm size fraction, the high abundance of intermediate and deep infaunal taxa (Uvigerina elongatastriata, Bolivina alata, Melonis barleeanus, Globobulimina spp. and Chilostomella oolina) underlines the importance of organic matter focusing (and the related redox conditions) in this submarine canyon environment. The dominance of M. barleeanus and bolivinids in the 63- to 150-μm size fraction confirms the eutrophic aspect of our study area. Because of logistical problems, the incubated core suffered important salinity changes throughout the 2.5 years of incubation. Salinity ranged between 35 and 62 psu. Oxygen concentration was almost zero at the sediment-water interface at the end of incubation. In the larger size fraction (>150 μm), only one taxon, Rosalina bradyi (Cushman, 1915), survived these adverse experimental conditions. Its density (516 ind/100 cm2) is two orders of magnitude higher than that of the in situ core (3 ind/100 cm2). No living foraminifera were found in the first centimeter of the 63- to 150-μm size fraction. Rosalina bradyi was obviously the last species able to reproduce and grow in the incubated core. Our results show that this taxon is capable of tolerating extreme salinity changes.
(Journal of Foraminiferal Research. vol. 38, n° 0096-1191, pp. 137 - 156, 23/02/2026)
LPGN, UN, CNRS, LPG-ANGERS, LPG, UA, UN UFR ST, UN, INSU - CNRS, CNRS, EPOC, EPHE, PSL, UB, INSU - CNRS, CNRS
Neanderthal Extinction by Competitive Exclusion
Background: Despite a long history of investigation, considerable debate revolves around whether Neanderthals became extinct because of climate change or competition with anatomically modern humans (AMH). Methodology/Principal Findings: We apply a new methodology integrating archaeological and chronological data with high-resolution paleoclimatic simulations to define eco-cultural niches associated with Neanderthal and AMH adaptive systems during alternating cold and mild phases of Marine Isotope Stage 3. Our results indicate that Neanderthals and AMH exploited similar niches, and may have continued to do so in the absence of contact. Conclusions/Significance: The southerly contraction of Neanderthal range in southwestern Europe during Greenland Interstadial 8 was not due to climate change or a change in adaptation, but rather concurrent AMH geographic expansion appears to have produced competition that led to Neanderthal extinction.
(PLoS ONE. vol. 3, n° 1932-6203, pp. e3972, 23/02/2026)
PACEA, UB, CNRS, KU, LSCE, UVSQ, INSU - CNRS, CNRS, DRF (CEA), CEA, CLIM, LSCE, UVSQ, INSU - CNRS, CNRS, DRF (CEA), CEA, EPOC, EPHE, PSL, UB, INSU - CNRS, CNRS
Assessment of the ecological quality status of soft-bottoms in Reunion Island (tropical Southwest Indian ocean) using AZTI marine biotic indices
(Marine Pollution Bulletin. vol. 56, n° 0025-326X, pp. 704-722, 20/12/2007)
ECOMAR, UR, EPOC, EPHE, PSL, UB, INSU - CNRS, CNRS, LOBB, OOB, UPMC, CNRS, UPMC, INSU - CNRS, CNRS, LMGEM, CNRS
Net and gross incorporation of nitrogen by marine copepods fed on 15N labelled diatoms: methodology and trophic studies
The stable isotope of nitrogen (15N) and an appropriate three-compartment model were used in two 24-h lasting feeding experiments to trace the flow of N through the copepod Acartia discaudata and Calanus helgolandicus fed on 15N-labelled Skeletonema costatum and Thalassiosira weissflogii, respectively. Details of the labelling technique and principles of the computation of N transport rates are given. At the end of a single 24-h feeding period only about one third of the total amount of N ingested by A. discaudata was incorporated into the copepod's body N; we refer to this rate as net incorporation. Most of the N ingested was lost as ammonium (48% of total N ingested), followed by losses in the form of eggs + fecal pellets (13%) and dissolved organic N (DON, 9%). The sum of net incorporation and the latter losses is defined as gross incorporation. Net incorporation by C. helgolandicus and N losses did not vary over time during a 24 h lasting time-series feeding experiment. On average, 79% of total N ingested was actually incorporated by the copepod whereas mean N losses as ammonium, eggs + fecal pellets represented only 12 and 9%, respectively. After a 24-h feeding period only 2% of N ingested was lost as DON. Inspection of individual DON pathways showed that both A. discaudata and C. helgolandicus highly contributed to total DON production via direct excretion (79 and 64%, respectively). The remaining DON appearing in the DON pool was derived from phytoplankton via direct release and/or indirect release (copepod ‘sloppy feeding’).
(Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology. vol. 352, n° 0022-0981, pp. 295-305, 14/12/2007)
ELICO, ULCO, CNRS, ULCO, AD2M, SBR, UPMC, CNRS, UPMC, CNRS, LEMAR, IRD, IFREMER, UBO EPE, CNRS, EPOC, EPHE, PSL, UB, INSU - CNRS, CNRS
PROCESSUS BIOGEOCHIMIQUES DES ZONES INTERTIDALES DES SYSTEMES LAGUNAIRES : LE BASSIN D'ARCACHON (SW, FRANCE)
Les environnements lagunaires, interfaces entre le continent et l'océan, sont sujets à d'importants apports continentaux qui supportent une forte production biologique. Cette richesse écologique unique en fait des écosystèmes parmi les plus productifs de la planète à l'origine d'une activité économique importante. La gestion et la préservation de ces milieux sont difficiles car l'étude des cycles biogéochimiques est encore incomplète. Dans le cadre de cette thèse, qui s'inscrit dans le Programme National d'Environnement Côtier " Chantier Littoral Atlantique " et l'ANR PROTIDAL, un effort particulier est mis sur le rôle des zones intertidales dans le bilan du métabolisme net du système lagunaire du Bassin d'Arcachon, les processus biogéochimiques aux différentes interfaces et leurs interactions avec les cycles tidaux, les mécanismes pélagiques et le degré de colonisation biologique du substrat à différentes échelles de temps (marée, saison). Il a été démontré que les eaux des chenaux tidaux drainant les platiers intertidaux à marée descendante étaient le résultat de la percolation, diffusion et advection d'eaux interstitielles anoxiques depuis les sédiments vaseux et sableux. Ces eaux sont enrichies en produits de dégradation de la matière organique, tels que l'ammonium, les phosphates, le SCO2, le CH4 et les métaux dissous. Un premier essai de bilan à l'échelle de la lagune démontre l'importance de ce processus de pompage tidal dans le budget global en sels nutritifs de la lagune. La colonisation du substrat par les herbiers de macrophytes apparaît comme un facteur déterminant sur les associations biologiques et les distributions géochimiques des espèces biogènes. Une stratification de l'eau interstitielle est observée sur certains profils reflétant leur production, leur consommation par les processus de minéralisation de la matière organique, leur prélèvement par le système racinaire des macrophytes, et des mécanismes de transports biologiques ou physiques. A la différence des sédiments subtidaux et stationnaires, dans lesquels la diffusion moléculaire est le premier mécanisme de transport des solutés, la distribution verticale géochimique dans les sédiments intertidaux est dominée par la bioirrigation et les interactions avec les macrophytes, conférant une très forte hétérogénéité spatiale et saisonnière. Une interaction très forte entre les cycles du fer et du phosphore avec la dynamique annuelle de ces herbiers a été découverte, précisant que le rapport entre la surface couverte par les herbiers et celle non-végétalisée est un paramètre majeur du bilan de masse en phosphore dans le Bassin d'Arcachon. Ce travail propose également la première estimation d'un bilan des sources, puits et flux de méthane aux différentes interfaces dans le Bassin d'Arcachon et dans un environnement lagunaire tempéré. Les rivières et les sédiments lagunaires représentent les deux sources pour la colonne d'eau. L'essentiel du méthane produit est oxydé dans les sédiments par les sulfates entrainant de faibles flux benthiques. Les flux atmosphériques depuis les eaux et les sédiments du Bassin d'Arcachon sont faibles en comparaison à ceux estimés dans d'autres systèmes côtiers. Ce bilan montre que la totalité du CH4 apporté par les rivières et diffusé depuis les sédiments vers la colonne d'eau de la lagune, est transférée vers l'atmosphère au cours de la résidence des eaux dans la lagune, et que cet écosystème est une source nulle de méthane pour l'océan côtier ouvert.
(06/12/2007)
EPOC, EPHE, PSL, UB, INSU - CNRS, CNRS
Role of metallothioneins in superoxide radical generation during copper redox cycling: Defining the fundamental function of metallothioneins
In order to demonstrate the in vivo antioxidant properties of metallothioneins (MTs), the bacteria Escherichia coli was used as a cell reactor in which we compared the metal binding and antioxidative functions of MTs from different species, with different structures and polypeptide lengths. No protective effects of cytoplasmic MTs from cadmium (Cd) or zinc (Zn) contamination were observed in a wild-type E. coli strain, although these MTs can efficiently bind both Cd and Zn. To test their antioxidant properties, MTs were expressed within the cytoplasm of a sodA sodB deficient mutated strain (QC1726). However, a paradoxical MT toxicity was found when this strain was contaminated with Cd and Zn, suggesting that in a wild-type strain, superoxide dismutase counteracts MT toxicity. The most toxic MT was the one with the strongest Cd and Zn binding capacities. This toxic effect was linked to the generation of superoxide radicals, since a Cd-contaminated QC1726 strain expressing oyster MT isoforms produced 75-85% more O(2)*(-) than the control QC1726 strain. Conversely, under anaerobiosis or in the presence of a copper chelator, MTs protected QC1726 strain from Cd and Zn contamination. A model is proposed to explain the observed MT toxicity.
(Biochimie. vol. 89, n° 0300-9084, pp. 1474-1488, 01/12/2007)
EPOC, EPHE, PSL, UB, INSU - CNRS, CNRS
Les foraminifères benthiques : bio-indicateurs l'eutrophisation naturelle et anthropique en milieu marin franc
Ce travail de thèse a pour objectif d'évaluer la possibilité d'utilisation des foraminifères benthiques comme bio-indicateurs des phénomènes d'eutrophisation en milieu marin ouvert. Le but de notre étude est de comparer différents types d'environnements eutrophiés, sous des conditions naturelles (sédiments du prodelta du Rhône) et anthropiques (déblais de forages pétroliers au large du Congo et du Gabon ; boues d'épuration dans le Firth of Clyde en Écosse). Dans ce contexte, nous avons étudié la distribution spatiale des foraminifères benthiques et l'avons comparée aux paramètres physico-chimiques mesurés. Ces micro-organismes font partie des protistes les plus abondants dans les environnements marins benthiques. En raison de leur forte biodiversité, des courts cycles de vie et des exigences écologiques très variables des différentes espèces, les faunes de foraminifères réagissent rapidement aux perturbations environnementales. Notre étude révèle l'existence d'une succession faunistique typique en réponse à un gradient croissant d'enrichissement organique. Ainsi, en s'approchant de la zone la plus eutrophiée, une diminution des espèces caractéristiques des environnements stables est observée ; ces espèces sont remplacées progressivement par des espèces opportunistes en milieu fortement enrichi. Si la perturbation environnementale est persistante, seules des espèces très résistantes au stress environnementale sont présentes, généralement avec des faibles densités. Les foraminifères benthiques représentent donc un très bon outil d'évaluation de l'état de santé d'un environnement. Ces bio-marqueurs peuvent être employés avec succès dans des suivis d'impact environnemental et dans des réseaux de surveillance des milieux marins afin d'aider à évaluer les perturbations des écosystèmes.
(23/11/2007)
EPOC, EPHE, PSL, UB, INSU - CNRS, CNRS
High resolution seafloor images in the Gulf of Cadiz, Iberian margin
In the Gulf of Cadiz, the hydrodynamic process acting on particle transport and deposition is a strong density-driven bottom current caused by the outflow of the saline deep Mediterranean water at the Strait of Gibraltar: the Mediterranean Outflow Water (MOW). New high resolution acoustic data including EM300 multibeam echo-sounder, deep-towed acoustic system SAR and very high resolution seismic, completed by piston cores collected during the CADISAR cruise allow to improve the understanding of the hydrodynamics of the MOW in the eastern part of the Gulf of Cadiz. Interpretation of data corrects the previous model established in this area and allows, for the first time, the accurate characterization of various bedforms and erosive structures along the MOW pathway and the precise identification of numerous gravity instabilities. The interaction between the MOW, the seafloor morphology and the Coriolis force is presently the driving force of the sedimentary distribution pattern observed on the Gulf of Cadiz continental slope. (C) 2007 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
(Marine Geology. vol. 246, n° 0025-3227, pp. 42-59, 01/11/2007)
EPOC, EPHE, PSL, UB, INSU - CNRS, CNRS
Low-latitude "dusty events" vs. high-latitude "icy Heinrich events
It has been proposed that tropical events could have participated in the triggering of the classic, high-latitude, iceberg-discharge Heinrich events (HE). We explore low-latitude Heinrich events equivalents at high resolution, in a piston core recovered from the tropical north-western African margin. They are characterized by an increase of total dust, lacustrine diatoms and fibrous lacustrine clay minerals. Thus, low-latitude events clearly reflect severe aridity events that occurred over Africa at the Saharan latitudes, probably induced by southward shifts of the Inter Tropical Convergence Zone. At a first approximation, it seems that there is more likely synchronicity between the high-latitude Heinrich Events (HEs) and low-latitude events (LLE), rather than asynchronous behaviours.
(Quaternary Research. vol. 68, n° 0033-5894, pp. 379-386, 01/11/2007)
EPOC, EPHE, PSL, UB, INSU - CNRS, CNRS, PBDS, INSU - CNRS, CNRS