Etude pluridisciplinaire d’une perturbation industrielle dans l’estuaire de la Gironde : implications du transport et de la dynamique de dégradation des débris végétaux sur le fonctionnement de la source froide du CNPE du Blayais
Jusqu’à présent, la dynamique des fractions végétales n’avait jamais été étudiée dans les estuaires macrotidaux en raison de leur faible quantité, par rapports aux fortes charges en matières en suspension fines, et du manque de protocoles d’étude et d’échantillonnage adéquats. Les débris végétaux sont toutefois à l’origine de perturbations d’activités économiques qui impliquent la filtration de larges volumes d’eau. L’objectif de cette thèse était ainsi de comprendre la dynamique d’apport et de transit de ces débris végétaux dans l’estuaire de la Gironde par la mise en oeuvre d’un suivi spatio-temporel de leur distribution et de techniques nouvelles pour un tel estuaire hyper-turbide (incubations in-situ litter-bag, caractérisation biogéochimique, identification des sources). Les résultats principaux sont la mise en évidence du contrôle du régime hydrologique sur leur distribution et la détermination des échelles de temps de leur persistance dans l’estuaire de la Gironde.
(24/01/2014)
EPOC, EPHE, PSL, UB, INSU - CNRS, CNRS
Amazon River carbon dioxide outgassing fuelled by wetlands
River systems connect the terrestrial biosphere, the atmosphere and the ocean in the global carbon cycle. A recent estimate suggests that up to 3 petagrams of carbon per year could be emitted as carbon dioxide (CO2) from global inland waters, offsetting the carbon uptake by terrestrial ecosystems. It is generally assumed that inland waters emit carbon that has been previously fixed upstream by land plant photosynthesis, then transferred to soils, and subsequently transported downstream in run-off. But at the scale of entire drainage basins, the lateral carbon fluxes carried by small rivers upstream do not account for all of the CO2 emitted from inundated areas downstream. Three-quarters of the world's flooded land consists of temporary wetlands, but the contribution of these productive ecosystems to the inland water carbon budget has been largely overlooked. Here we show that wetlands pump large amounts of atmospheric CO2 into river waters in the floodplains of the central Amazon. Flooded forests and floating vegetation export large amounts of carbon to river waters and the dissolved CO2 can be transported dozens to hundreds of kilometres downstream before being emitted. We estimate that Amazonian wetlands export half of their gross primary production to river waters as dissolved CO2 and organic carbon, compared with only a few per cent of gross primary production exported in upland (not flooded) ecosystems. Moreover, we suggest that wetland carbon export is potentially large enough to account for at least the 0.21 petagrams of carbon emitted per year as CO2 from the central Amazon River and its floodplains. Global carbon budgets should explicitly address temporary or vegetated flooded areas, because these ecosystems combine high aerial primary production with large, fast carbon export, potentially supporting a substantial fraction of CO2 evasion from inland waters.
(Nature. vol. 505, n° 0028-0836, pp. 395-398, 16/01/2014)
EPOC, EPHE, PSL, UB, INSU - CNRS, CNRS, GET, IRD, UT3, Comue de Toulouse, INSU - CNRS, CNES, CNRS, LOG, INSU - CNRS, ULCO, CNRS, IRD [Ile-de-France], ULCO, IPGP - UMR_7154, INSU - CNRS, IGN, UR, IPG Paris, CNRS, UPCité, UPCité, BOREA, MNHN, IRD, UPMC, CNRS, NIOZ
Investigating the response of cuproproteins from oysters (Crassostrea gigas) after waterborne copper exposure by metallomic and proteomic approaches
The pacific oyster (Crassostrea gigas), a good model for studying biomineralization and coastal environmental change, was used to study the expression of cuproproteins after waterborne Cu exposure (3 μg Cu L(-1)) similarly to the Arcachon Bay aquatic environment. Cuproproteins in oyster cytosols were analyzed by gel electrophoresis (non-denaturing PAGE and SDS 2-DE), laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (LA-ICP MS) and electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-MS). The high molecular weight cuproproteins (identified as extracellular superoxide dismutase [Cu-Zn] (EC Cu/Zn-SOD) and l-ascorbate oxidase) in digestive glands of oysters were differentially expressed after Cu exposure. About 1.7 and 1.2-fold increase of the Cu level in EC Cu/Zn-SOD and l-ascorbate oxidase were, respectively, determined, although EC Cu/Zn-SOD was 1.6-1.9-fold down-regulated in the digestive gland of oysters after Cu exposure. At last, the role of EC Cu/Zn-SOD in protection against Cu exposure was discussed to propose possible mechanisms to better understand Cu homeostasis and/or detoxification mechanisms.
(Metallomics. vol. 6, n° 1756-5901, pp. 338, 15/01/2014)
EPOC, EPHE, PSL, UB, INSU - CNRS, CNRS, IPREM, UPPA, INC-CNRS, CNRS
Improved Measurement Accuracy of Probe-Fed mm-Wave Antennas Using the Three Method
In this letter, we present a method to extract the scattering parameters of a microelectronic probe used to feed on-chip or in-package antennas at millimeter-wave frequencies. It is especially important to take into account these losses in the calibration procedure necessary for the extraction of the antenna gain. We are specifically demonstrating that these losses are positively or negatively impacted, depending on the impedance value of the input impedance of the antenna connected to the probe. Theory is detailed and examples are given to illustrate the importance of taking into account those losses with precision. From the S-parameters of the probe and the measurement of the reflection coefficient of the antenna, we can compute the gain from the measured realized gain. An accuracy improvement of 15% is shown for the gain of the presented antenna.
(IEEE Antennas and Wireless Propagation Letters. vol. 13, n° 1536-1225, pp. 103-105, 06/01/2014)
EPOC, EPHE, PSL, UB, INSU - CNRS, CNRS, LEAT, UNS, CNRS, UniCA, ST-CROLLES
2000years of frequent turbidite activity in the Capbreton Canyon (Bay of Biscay)
Capbreton Canyon extends from 200 m water depth near the Aquitanian coast to 3000 m water depth before abruptly turning northward and merging with the Cap-Ferret systems. The Capbreton Canyon has been disconnected from the Adour River input since 1310 AD. Despite this situation, modern sedimentary activity is evident in the first kilometres from the head. Present sedimentation in the Capbreton Canyon was studied by combined analysis of acoustic data and cores. Cores from the topographic highs document moderate hemipelagic sedimentation and record the global climatic signal of the Bay of Biscay. Within the canyon, at±80 km from the head, on terraces bordering the thalweg at 1600 mwater depth, cores attest to recent turbidite activity.Massive medium sand is restricted to the thalweg floor, where sediment transfer dominates. Fine-grained turbidites are preferentially accumulated on the shallower terraces near the thalweg (the accumulation rate is 3 and 1 cm/year at 75 m and 125 m above the thalweg, respectively). On a higher terrace (225 m), turbidite sequences are absent or too thin to be preserved frombioturbation. The sedimentation rate is lower (approximately 0.17 cm/year) but still 10 times higher than the hemipelagic sedimentation outside the Capbreton Canyon. We demonstrate that frequent turbidity currents (1/year) are currently responsible for very high accumulation of dominantly fine-grained sediments on the terraces that are the nearest from the thalweg. We assume an impact of nepheloid layers on the sedimentation of the highest terraces. Looking for any impact on sediment supply of the disconnection of the Capbreton Canyon head from the Adour River mouth, it appears that the impact on the sedimentation affected the nature of the particles, which are less carbonate-rich, rather than the quantity of sediments. This result suggests that the longshore drift at the canyon head and hydrodynamic events are major factors in the sedimentation of Capbreton Canyon.
(Marine Geology. vol. 347, n° 0025-3227, pp. 136-152, 01/01/2014)
EPOC, EPHE, PSL, UB, INSU - CNRS, CNRS
Neutralized Coupling Elements for MIMO Operation in 4G Mobile Terminals
A novel multiple-input-multiple-output (MIMO) dual-antenna system covering the low LTE700 and GSM850/900 communication standards is proposed for mobile terminals. The two-port antenna system is composed of two 3-D coupling elements, placed on the vertices of the short corner of a rectangular FR4 substrate. This rectangular shape emulates the printed circuit board of a modern mobile terminal. To achieve high port-to-port isolation, the neutralization technique is applied. Simulated reflection coefficients, total efficiencies, and envelope coefficient correlation are compared to measured data showing good agreement and competitive performance.
(IEEE Antennas and Wireless Propagation Letters. vol. 13, n° 1536-1225, pp. 141-144, 01/01/2014)
LEAT, UNS, CNRS, UniCA, EPOC, EPHE, PSL, UB, INSU - CNRS, CNRS
Spatially Modulated Orthogonal Space-Time Block Codes with Non-Vanishing Determinants
This paper proposes a multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) transmission scheme for M-ary modulations, called Spatially Modulated Orthogonal Space-Time Block Coding (SM-OSTBC), based on the concept of Spatial Constellation (SC) codewords introduced by Le at el. . In the proposed scheme, transmit codeword matrices are generated by multiplying SC matrices with codewords constructed from Orthogonal Space-time Block Codes (O-STBC). The maximum spectral efficiency of the proposed scheme is equal to (n_T-2+ log_2 M) bpcu, where n_T is the number of transmit antennas and M is the modulation order. The SC matrices provide a means of carrying information bits together with the O-STBC codewords and allow the SM-OSTBC scheme to achieve second-order transmit diversity by satisfying the non-vanishing determinant property. A systematic method to design the SC codewords for an even number of transmit antennas greater than 3 is presented. A single-stream maximum-likelihood (ML) decoder, which requires a low computational complexity thanks to the structure of the SM-OSTBC codewords and to the orthogonality of the O-STBCs, and a sphere decoder with further reduced signal processing complexity are developed. The bit error rate (BER) performance of the proposed scheme is studied by using both theoretical union bound analysis and computer simulations. Finally, simulation results are presented in order to compare BER performance, energy efficiency and decoding complexity of the proposed scheme with those of several existing MIMO transmission schemes.
(IEEE Transactions on Communications. vol. 62, n° 0090-6778, pp. 85 - 99, 01/01/2014)
HUST, EPOC, EPHE, PSL, UB, INSU - CNRS, CNRS, L2S, UP11, CNRS
Effets de la qualité des sédiments de frayère sur le développement embryo-larvaire de l'esturgeon européen (Acipenser sturio)
Les embryons et larves d'esturgeon européen ont été exposés aux substrats de 2 frayères situées sur la Dordogne et la Garonne. Les individus exposés au substrat de La Réole (Garonne) présentent une augmentation du taux de malformation, une altération des capacités physiologique et natatoire.
(pp. 15, 23/04/2026)
UR EABX, IRSTEA, EPOC, EPHE, PSL, UB, INSU - CNRS, CNRS
Echantillonneurs passifs : évaluation de l’exposition des biofilms aux mélanges de pesticides, et du risque écotoxique dans les cours d’eau
La contamination généralisée des cours d’eau par les pesticides, généralement en mélanges et à concentrations relativement faibles, requiert la prise en compte dans le diagnostic de la complexité de l’exposition. Le développement récent de l’échantillonnage passif des contaminants a permis d’une part de mieux considérer la diversité des contaminants présents dans l’environnement, et d’abaisser leurs limites de détection, fournissant ainsi un panorama plus exhaustif de la contamination réelle. Le biofilm est une communauté complexe, composée de microalgues, de bactéries, de champignons, de protozoaires, etc. enchâssés dans une matrice polysaccharidique. Son utilisation en écotoxicologie revêt un haut degré de pertinence environnementale, comparé aux espèces modèles utilisées traditionnellement. Elle permet de mieux comprendre et prédire les impacts réels de contaminants pour l’écosystème, bien mieux que l’extrapolation de résultats déconnectés de la complexité des conditions de milieu (diversité des organismes, et de leurs relations). Le modèle biofilm a ainsi été utilisé avec succès dans de nombreuses études écotoxicologiques au laboratoire, utilisant des contaminants seuls ou en combinaisons simples (binaires, ternaires) de substances. Cependant, la qualification du risque écotoxique associé aux mélanges de contaminants est difficilement envisageable par ce biais, la multiplicité des mixtures possibles (en termes de composition et de concentrations) empêchant de tester toutes les combinaisons susceptibles d’être rencontrées in situ. Nous proposons ici de présenter les avancées récentes permises par le couplage entre échantillonnage passif et écotoxicologie, pour la mesure du potentiel toxique dans les milieux aquatique, et pour la mise en ½uvre d’expérimentations plus réalistes environnementalement.
(pp. 2, 23/04/2026)
UR EABX, IRSTEA, UR MALY, IRSTEA, EPOC, EPHE, PSL, UB, INSU - CNRS, CNRS
Persistent Organic Pollutants in a marine bivalve on the Marennes-Oléron Bay and the Gironde Estuary (French Atlantic coast) -Part 1: Bioaccumulation
The aim of this study was to determine 1) the relevance of using the Pacific oyster Crassostrea gigas as a sentinel organism, at a juvenile stage, for polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) and persistent organic pollutant (polychlorobiphenyls, PCBs, polybromodimethylethers, PBDEs, and organochlorine pesticides, OCPs) contamination, 2) the potential levels of chemical organic contamination in the Marennes-Oleron Bay, and their potential sources 3) the potential influence of physiological or environmental factors on contaminant body burdens in oysters. To this end, juvenile oysters purchased from a oyster hatchery were transplanted to a reference site, in Bouin, and to different transplantation sites in the Marennes-Oléron Bay, the first oyster production area in France, and in the Gironde Estuary, the biggest estuary in Occidental Europe. Transplantations were done during summer and winter. Whole oyster soft tissues from each site were analyzed for PAHs, PCBs, PBDEs and OCPs. Results obtained with a transplantation period of 3 months suggest that the C. gigas, at the juvenile stage, is a relevant sentinel organism for short-term contamination for these contaminants. In addition, no significant effects of physiological factors on contaminant body burdens were observed. A principal component analysis performed with chemical body burdens allowed them to be separated into three groups: 1) the reference site, 2) Les Palles (LP) and Boyard (BOY) in winter and 3) all the other sites. The group of LP and BOY was clearly defined by the levels of PAHs and OCPs, suggesting higher levels of contamination of these chemical compounds on these sites, potentially due to local contamination sources. In addition, no relevant effects of physiological or environmental factors on contaminant body burdens were observed. Results suggest also a predominance of contaminants related to agricultural activities along the Marennes-Oléron Bay, and therefore, further studies on the presence of pesticides in this region should be considered.
(Science of the Total Environment. vol. 514, n° 0048-9697, pp. 500-510, 23/04/2026)
PUJ, LIENSs, INSU - CNRS, ULR, CNRS, UB, EPOC, EPHE, PSL, UB, INSU - CNRS, CNRS